Particulate materials

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides the use of a particulate polymer material as a support for an active agent, characterised in that said polymer material is a polymer produced by copolymerising an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and squaric or croconic acid or a derivative thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/579,271, filed Oct. 31, 2006.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to particulate polymers and particulate glasses prepared therefrom, to their use as reservoirs or encapsulating agents, to reservoir and encapsulating agent compositions and to materials containing such compositions, in particular to materials in which the basic polymer is prepared using the combination of an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and a mono-unsaturated four or five membered dihydroxyl, di- or tri-oxo monomer, i.e. squaric acid or croconic acid, or an activated derivative thereof.

In many technical fields, particulate substrate materials are used as reservoirs for or to encapsulate chemical compounds having desirable properties, e.g. colorants, diagnostic agents, catalysts, growth media, etc.

Typical such particular substrate materials include porous, solid and hollow organic (e.g. polymeric) and inorganic (e.g. silicaceous) particles.

In the case of these particulate substrate materials, it is frequently complex or expensive to achieve the desired properties in terms of particle size, particle size distribution, porosity, loading characteristics, release characteristics, solvent penetrability, etc. This is particularly the case for hollow particulate substrates. Accordingly there is a continuing need for new materials having desirable properties as substrates.

A class of polymers produced by copolymerisation of unsaturated heterocyclic monomers and squaric or croconic acid has been investigated for their optoelectronic properties. See for example the review article by Ajayaghosh in Chem. Soc. Rev. 32: 181-191 (2003), the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Such polymers however have not been suggested to have any utility as substrate materials and indeed many were dismissed as useless in view of their “intractable nature” (see Ajayaghosh (supra) at page 186, left hand column) as they formed an insoluble material on solution polymerisation.

We have found however that such intractable materials have properties which make them particularly suitable for use as particulate substrates, in particular their abilities to absorb compounds of interest, to be coated with inorganic glass layers, to shrink in a controlled manner upon heating, to produce hollow permeable glass spheres on thermal degeneration of the polymer core, etc.

Thus viewed from one aspect the invention provides the use of a particulate polymer material as a support for an active agent, characterised in that said polymer material is a polymer produced by copolymerising an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and squaric or croconic acid or a derivative thereof.

Viewed from a further aspect the invention provides the use of a hollow particulate glass as a support for an active agent, characterised in that said hollow particulate glass is produced by pyrolysis of a glass-coated polymer produced by copolymerising an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and squaric or croconic acid or a derivative thereof.

The particulate polymer material used according to the invention is preferably one prepared by solution polymerisation of the monomers in a solvent in which the growing polymer becomes insoluble, i.e. such that insoluble polymer particles form within the polymerisation mixture. The solvent used may be any appropriate organic solvent, preferably an alcohol, e.g. a C₁₋₁₄ alkanol such as butan-1-ol, hexan-1-ol, decan-1-ol, tetradecanol and hexadecanol, preferably a C₂₋₈ alkanol, more preferably butan-1-ol.

The heterocyclic monomer may comprise a single heterocyclic ring (preferably a pyrrole ring) or two or more heterocyclic rings linked via a fused ring, a bond, or a non-fused ring or a chain optionally incorporating a ring structure. The heterocycle ring(s) taking part in the polymerisation reaction are preferably five membered rings containing a nitrogen atom which either are unsubstituted at a position adjacent the nitrogen (or at both positions adjacent the nitrogen if only one heterocyclic ring is active in the polymerisation reaction) or are substituted at that position by a methylene group. Examples of the types of structure feasible are shown in Ajayaghosh (supra). Particularly preferably the heterocyclic group is a 2,5-unsubstituted pyrrole or a 5,5′-unsubstituted-2,2′-bis-pyrrole. In such compounds the 1, 3 and 4 positions may if desired be substituted, e.g. by optionally substituted alkyl, aralkyl or aryl groups. Typically optional substitution of such groups might be by hydroxy, thiol, amino, oxo, oxa, carboxy, etc. groups and substituted versions thereof (e.g. with alkoxy, alkylamino, carboxyalkyl, alkyl, aryl or alkaryl substitution). In the case of the 2,2′-bis pyrroles, linkage of the pyrrole groups may be for example via a bond, a chain (e.g. a methylene or polymethylene chain or a substituted chain such as 9-ethylcarbyl), a saturated or unsaturated ring (e.g. a furan, thiophene, benzene, bisphenyl, pyridine, anthracene or stilbenzyl ring) or a chain interrupted by a ring (e.g. vinyl-phenyl-vinyl). Desirably the monomer is selected such that in the backbone of the polymer product double bonds are in alternating positions, i.e. such that a delocalised electron system along the polymer is feasible.

Thus in a particularly preferred embodiment, the polymer has the structure

where each R, which may be the same or different, is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl; X is a bond or a bridging group; y is zero or a positive integer (e.g. 1, 2, 3 or 4) and z is a positive integer the value whereof determines the molecular weight of the polymer

As may readily be realised, where y>1, the heterocyclic monomer may itself be a pre-prepared polymer or oligomer.

In the heterocyclic monomer, the ring nitrogen is preferably unsubstituted or alkyl, especially methyl, substituted.

In the monomers used, any alkyl or alkylene moiety, unless otherwise specified, preferably contains up to 6 carbon atoms; any ring is preferably 5, 6 or 7 membered containing 0, 1 or 2 heteroatoms, especially O, N or S atoms; and any fused ring system preferably contains 2 or 3 rings.

The polymer beads formed in this way will typically be substantially monodisperse with a particle size of 0.1 to 5 μm (defined as the maximum diameter for which at least 90% by volume are as large or no larger—this can be determined using a Coulter particle size measuring apparatus). The particle size may be reduced, substantially uniformly, by heating to a temperature beneath that at which pyrolysis begins, e.g. to a temperature of 400-500° C., especially 430 to 450° C.

The “active agent” (or its precursor) may be absorbed into such particles from solution, e.g. in an aqueous or organic solvent. The active agent or precursor used in this respect may be any organic or inorganic compound or compound mixture capable of exhibiting desired characteristics in the end product. Thus for example it may be an organic or inorganic dye or dye precursor (a term which is used herein to include visible light absorbers as well as fluorescent and phosphorescent materials), an organic, inorganic or organometallic catalyst or catalyst precursor, a biological material (e.g. a bacterium or virus), a radiochemical, a diagnostic agent (e.g. a paramagnetic or super-paramagnetic material, an X-ray opaque material, a fluorocarbon etc.), a binding agent (e.g. an antibody or antibody fragment), etc. If desired, the particles may be used to carry a compound mixture (i.e. at least two compounds) rather than a single “active” compound. Where this is to be done, the particle may be impregnated sequentially or simultaneously with solutions of the compounds to be impregnated into the particles. If desired, the active agent may be a reagent for a desired reaction and indeed different batches of particles may be loaded with different reagents and then mixed so that reaction occurs when the reagents are released. In general however, where the polymer substrate is to be pyrolysed, either the material loaded onto the particles is a metal or pseudo-metal compound (e.g. an inorganic compound) or the material is loaded after pyrolysis of glass coated polymer particles.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the uncoated polymer particles are loaded with a metal compound in dissolved form, e.g. a dissolved oxide, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, acetate, etc. or with an organometallic compound, e.g. a metal alkyl or alkoxide. In this way it appears that virtually any element may be loaded into the particles.

If it is desired to produce glass-coated or hollow glass particles, the polymer particles may be contacted with a ceramic precursor, e.g. a metal or pseudo-metal alkoxide. Heating such treated polymer particles generates a glass (i.e. ceramic) shell by virtue of the decomposition of the alkoxide. Heating to the temperature at which the polymer pyrolizes generates a hollow glass particle containing the preloaded active agent (if any). Typically such pyrolysis occurs at temperatures above 600° C., e.g. 650-700° C. In this context it will be realised that the “glass” need not be a silica glass but may be any other metal or pseudo-metal ceramic, e.g. zirconia, titania, hafnia, etc. As zirconia, etc. may function catalytically, the glass shell itself may be or contain the “active agent”.

We have surprisingly found that such glass shells, unlike the shells of known hollow silica microspheres, are surprisingly and advantageously permeable. This permits active agents or precursors to be loaded into the particles post glass shell formation and also permits active agents to leach out of the shells or liquids (e.g. water) to leach in. Such glass-shelled particles thus are particularly suitable for use as reservoirs for active agents, e.g. for delayed release in vivo or ex vivo. One particularly preferred use of such loaded hollow glass shells is thus for delayed release of phosphorescent materials into coating or surface materials.

Thus viewed from a yet further aspect the invention provides a particulate composition comprising substrate particles containing an active agent, said substrate particles being particles of a polymer produced by copolymerising an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and squaric or croconic acid or a derivative thereof, optionally coated with a glass-forming coating, or particles of a polymer produced by copolymerising an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and squaric or croconic acid or a derivative thereof coated with a glass-forming coating and pyrolysed, said composition optionally further containing a carrier and optionally further containing a matrix-forming material.

The carrier in such compositions may typically be a liquid, e.g. water or an organic solvent.

The matrix forming agent in such compositions may typically be a paint, varnish, lacquer, cement or concrete base, i.e. a material which will harden to produce a solid or film in which the particles are embedded.

Viewed from a yet further aspect the invention provides the use of a particulate composition according to the invention as an absorbent, a catalyst, a dye, a delayed release agent, a contrast agent, a chromatographic medium or a reagent for a chemical reaction.

If desired, the glass-forming reagent may be heated in a reducing medium (e.g. a hydrogen atmosphere) to produce a metal or pseudo-metal shell rather than a glass shell. The resulting particulates and their uses also form part of the present invention.

Where the polymer is impregnated with a metal compound, it can be pyrolysed to yield hollow particles of compounds of that metal. The resulting particulates and their uses also form part of the present invention. These may include hollow titania, silica or iron oxide shells as described below which may be used as they are or may be loaded with other active agents.

The invention will now be illustrated further with reference to the following non-limiting Examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)

Poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)s are prepared by refluxing equimolar amounts of the pyrrole derivative and squaric acid in an alkyl alcohol (or a solvent mix containing an alkyl alcohol). A typical preparation procedure based on the use of 1-methylpyrrole is as follows: equimolar amounts of 1-methylpyrrole and squaric acid were refluxed in butan-1-ol for 16 hours. Upon cooling the crude product was filtered and dried. Soluble small molecular weight materials were removed by repeatedly washing the product with ethyl acetate for 16 hours in a Soxhlet.

The pyrrole derivatives used were pyrrole, 1-methyl-pyrrole, 2,6-bis(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)-pyridine, a,b-bis(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)anthracene, 2,2′-bis(1-methylpyrrole), and 1-acetoxyethyl-pyrrole. A scanning electron microscope picture of the poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl-squaraine) is shown in FIG. 1.

EXAMPLE 2 Absorption of Metal Ions by poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)

Poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)s can absorb elemental ions by soaking in an aqueous acidic solution containing dissolved elemental salts. Table 1 lists the metal ions that have been absorbed by poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl-squaraine). Table 1 includes the elemental salt and the acid used to dissolve that salt.

1 gram of poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl-squaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ conc. acid or aqueous acid solution containing 1 gram of dissolved elemental compound, or a mixture of elemental compounds. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by a further stirring for 25 minutes. The poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl-squaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration.

TABLE 1 Elemental inorganic Atomic Reactant compound compound No. Element dissolved in acid Acid used produced in shells 3 Li LiCl HCl Li₂SiO₃, Li₂Si₂O₅, SiO₂ 5 B H₃BO₃ — ucc B 11 Na NaCl HCl NaCl, Na₂Si₂O₅, SiO₂ 12 Mg Mg(CH₃CO₂)₂•6H₂O HCl MgO 13 Al AlCl₃•₆H₂O HCl ucc Al, Cl, S 15 P (NH₃)H₂PO₄ H₃PO₄ SiP₂O₇, Si₃(PO₄)₄, SiP₂O₇, SiO₂ 19 K K(CH₃CO₂) HCl KCl 20 Ca CaCl₂ HCl ucc Ca 21 Sc ScCl₃ HCl Sc₂O₃ 22 Ti Ti H₂SO₄ ucc Ti, S 23 V VCl₃ HCl VO₂, V₈O₁₅, V₂O₅ V = O VOSO₄•H₂O HCl VO₂ 24 Cr CrCl₃•6H₂O HCl Cr₂O₃ 25 Mn MnCl₂•10H₂O HCl Mn₂O₃ 26 Fe FeCl₂•4H₂O HCl Fe₂O₃ 27 Co CoCl₂•2H₂O HCl Co₃O₄ 28 Ni NiCl₂•6H₂O HCl NiO 29 Cu CuCl₂•2H₂O HCl CuO 30 Zn ZnCl₂ HCl ZnO 32 Ge GeO₂ HCl Ge, GeO₂ 33 As As₂O₃ HCl ucc As 37 Rb RbCl HCl RbCl 38 Sr SrCl₂•6H₂O HCl SrO₂•8H₂O, Sr(OH)₂•8H₂O 39 Y YCl₃•6H₂O HCl Y₂O₃ 40 Zr ZrOCl₂•8H₂O HCl ZrO₂ 41 Nb Nb₂O₅ HCl Nb₂O₅ 42 Mo MoO₃ H₂SO₄ ucc Mo, S 44 Ru RuCl₃•H₂O HCl RuO₂ 45 Rh RhCl₃•H₂O HCl Rh₂O₃, HRhO₂ 46 Pd Pd(NO₃)₂ HCl PdO 47 Ag Ag₂SO₄ H₂SO₄ Ag 48 Cd CdCl₂•H₂O HCl CdSiO₃, CdO₂ 49 In InCl₃•4H₂O HCl In₂O₃ 50 Sn SnCl₂2H₂O HCl SnO₂ 51 Sb Sb₂O₃ HCl ucc Sb 55 Cs CsCl HCl CsO₂, CsOH 56 Ba BaCl₂•2H₂O HCl BaCl₂•H₂O, Ba₄Cl₆O, BaCl₂•Ba(OH)₂ 57 La LaCl₃•7H₂O HCl LaOCl 58 Ce CeCl₃•7H₂O HCl CeO₂ 59 Pr PrCl₃•6H₂O HCl PrOCl 60 Nd Nd(CH₃CO₂)₃•H₂O HCl NdOCl, Nd₂O₃ 62 Sm Sm₂O₃ HCl SmOCl, Sm₂SiO₄, Sm₄(SiO₄)₃ 63 Eu Eu₂O₃ HCl Eu₂O₃ 64 Gd GdO H₂SO₄ Gd₂O₂SO₄, Gd₂O₃ 65 Tb TbCl₃•6H₂O HCl Tb₄O₇ 66 Dy DyCl₃•6H₂O HCl Dy₂O₃ 67 Ho HoCl₃•6H₂O HCl Ho₂O₃ 68 Er ErCl₃•6H₂O HCl Er₂O₃ 69 Tm TmCl₃•H₂O HCl Tm₂O₃ 70 Yb YbCl₃•6H₂O HCl Yb₂O₃ 71 Lu LuCl₃•6H₂O HCl Lu₂O₃ 72 Hf HfCl₄ HCl HfO₂ 73 Ta TaCl₅ H₂SO₄ Ta₂O₅ 74 W (NH₄)₁₀ HCl WO₃, W₂₄O₆₈ W₁₂O₄₁•5H₂O 75 Re ReCl₅ HCl ReO₂ 76 Os OsCl₃•H₂O HCl ucc Os 77 Ir IrCl₃•H₂O & HCl Ir, IrO₂ IrCl₃•3H₂O 78 Pt PtCl₄ HCl Pt, PtCl₂, PtCl₄ 79 Au AuCl₃ HCl Au 81 TI TI₂SO₄ H₂SO₄ ucc TI 82 Pb Pb(NO₃)₂ HCl Pb, PbO 83 Bi Bi₂O₃ HCl Bi₁₂O₁₅Cl₆, BiSiO₅, Bi₁₂Cl₁₄ ucc=unknown compound containing . . . . Gallium, selenium and mercury could also be incorporated.

Poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)s can also absorb elemental ions by soaking in an aqueous basic solution containing dissolved elemental hydroxides.

1 gram of poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ aqueous solution made basic to varying concentrations (from 0-2 M) by the dissolution of inorganic bases. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by a further stirring for 25 minutes. The poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration.

EXAMPLE 3 Use of Poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)s in the Preparation of Inorganic Materials

1 gram of poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl-squaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ conc. acid or aqueous acid solution containing 1 gram of dissolved elemental compound, or a mixture of elemental compounds. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl-squaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration. Inorganic materials were produced by heating the element-containing poly-1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) in an oven heating from room temperature to 660° C.

FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope picture of iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) prepared by this method.

EXAMPLE 4 Use of Poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)s as Template Materials for the Production of Hollow Silica Shells

1 gram of poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ solution containing 9:1 tetraethoxysilane:ethanol. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The silicated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration and oven (60° C.) dried. 1 gram of the silicated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ conc. acid solution. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The silicated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration. Hollow silica shells were produced by heating the silicated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) in an oven heating from room temperature to 660° C.

FIG. 3 shows a scanning electron microscope picture of the hollow silica shells while FIG. 4 shows a transmission electron microscope picture of the same shells.

EXAMPLE 5 Use of Poly(pyrrol-2-ylsguaraine)s as Template Materials for the Production of Hollow Titania Shells

1 gram of poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to 30 cm³ of titanium tetraethoxide. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The titaniated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration and oven (60° C.) dried. 1 gram of the titaniated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ conc. acid solution. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The titaniated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration. Hollow titania shells were produced by heating the titaniated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) in an oven heating from room temperature to 660° C.

FIG. 5 shows a scanning electron microscope picture of the hollow titania shells.

EXAMPLE 6 Use of Hollow Shells as Storage Containers for Molecules Such as Organic Compounds and/or Biological Species

An amount of the hollow shells were soaked in a solution of organic solvent containing a dissolved amount of an organic compound. The filled shells were removed from the mixture by filtration and washed with a small portion of pure organic solvent.

FIG. 6 shows the results of filling the hollow shells with different coloured organic dyes, by the method described above. The organic solvent used in this case was chloroform.

Diclofenac Sodium salt was incorporated into the shells by using methanol, and dichloromethane/methanol and chloroform/methanol solvent mixtures.

EXAMPLE 7 Use of Hollow Shells as Storage Containers for Water-Soluble Compounds

An amount of the hollow shells were soaked in a saturated aqueous solution containing a dissolved amount of a water-soluble compound. The mixture was heated to 60° C. and cooled to room temperature four times before the filled shells were removed from the mixture by filtration and washed with a small portion of water.

This procedure was used to fill the shells with tris(ethylene-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III)trichloride.

EXAMPLE 8 Production of Inorganic Compound-Containing Silica Shells

1 gram of poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ solution containing 9:1 tetraethoxysilane:ethanol. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The silicated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration and oven (60° C.) dried. 1 gram of the silicated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylslquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ conc. acid or aqueous acid solution containing 1 gram of dissolved elemental compound, or a mixture of elemental compounds. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The silicated and element-containing poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration. Hollow silica shells containing an elemental inorganic compound were produced by heating the silicated and element-containing poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) in an oven heating from room temperature to 660° C.

EXAMPLE 9 Production of Inorganic Compound-Containing Titania Shells

1 gram of poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to 30 cm³ of titanium tetraethoxide. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The titaniated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration and oven (60° C.) dried. 1 gram of the titaniated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ conc. acid or aqueous acid solution containing 1 gram of dissolved elemental compound, or a mixture of elemental compounds. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The titaniated and element-containing poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration. Hollow titania shells containing an elemental inorganic compound were produced by heating the titaniated and element-containing poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) in an oven heating from room temperature to 660° C.

Table 1 lists the elemental inorganic compounds obtained from the above procedure after using the initial elemental compounds and acids listed in Table 1. 

1. A method for producing glass particles, said method comprising; contacting polymer particles with a glass precursor and heating the particles to generate glass-coated polymer particles, wherein said polymer particles are produced by copolymerising an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and an acid selected from the group consisting of squaric acid, corconic acid and derivatives thereof.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising heating said glass-coated polymer particles to a temperature at which the polymer pyrolyzes to generate a hollow glass particle.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said polymer has the structure

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of the same chemical group and a different chemical group and said same or different chemical group is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl; wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a bond and a bridging group; y is selected from the group consisting of zero and a positive integer; and z is a positive integer wherein the value of said z determines the molecular weight of said polymer.
 4. A method of making a hollow particulate material comprising; pyrolysis of a polymer impregnated with a metal compound causing elimination of said polymer, wherein said polymer is produced by copolymerising of an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and an acid selected from the group consisting of squaric acid, croconic acid and derivatives thereof.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said material is selected from the group consisting of hollow titania, hollow silica or hollow iron oxide shells.
 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising an active agent.
 7. The method of claim 4, wherein said polymer has the structure

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of the same chemical group and a different chemical group and said same or different chemical group is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl; wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a bond and a bridging group; y is selected from the group consisting of zero and a positive integer; and z is a positive integer wherein the value of said z determines the molecular weight of said polymer.
 8. A method comprising; use of a hollow particulate glass as a support for an active agent, wherein said hollow particulate glass is produced by pyrolysis of a glass-coated polymer, said polymer being produced by copolymerising an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and an acid selected from the group consisting of squaric acid, croconic acid and derivatives thereof.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the active agent or a precursor thereto is loaded after pyrolysis of the glass-coated polymer.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein said polymer has the structure

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of the same chemical group and a different chemical group and said same or different chemical group is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl; wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a bond and a bridging group; y is selected from the group consisting of zero and a positive integer; and z is a positive integer wherein the value of said z determines the molecular weight of said polymer.
 11. A particulate composition comprising; substrate particles containing an active agent, said substrate particles being particles of a polymer produced by copolymerising an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and an acid selected from the group consisting of squaric acid, croconic acid and derivatives thereof, coated with a glass-forming coating and pyrolyzed.
 12. The particulate composition of claim 11, wherein said polymer has the structure

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of the same chemical group and a different chemical group and said same or different chemical group is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl; wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a bond and a bridging group; y is selected from the group consisting of zero and a positive integer; and z is a positive integer wherein the value of said z determines the molecular weight of said polymer.
 13. A method comprising; use of a particulate polymer material as a support for an active agent, wherein said particulate polymer is produced by copolymerising an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and an acid selected from the group consisting of squaric acid, croconic acid and derivatives thereof.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said copolymerization is carried out in a solvent in which said polymer becomes insoluble as it grows.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein said heterocyclic monomer is selected from the group consisting of 2,5-unsubstituted pyrrole and 5,5′-unsubstituted-2,2′-bis-pyrrole.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein said polymer has the structure

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of the same chemical group and a different chemical group and said same or different chemical group is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl; wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a bond and a bridging group; y is selected from the group consisting of zero and a positive integer; and z is a positive integer wherein the value of said z determines the molecular weight of said polymer.
 17. The method of claim 13, wherein said particulate polymer material is loaded with a compound selected from the group consisting of a metal compound in dissolved form and an organometallic compound.
 18. A hollow particulate material comprising; a pyrolyzed polymer impregnated with a metal compound causing elimination of said polymer, wherein said polymer is produced by copolymerising of an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and an acid selected from the group consisting of squaric acid, croconic acid and derivatives thereof.
 19. The particular material of claim 18, wherein said polymer has the structure

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of the same chemical group and a different chemical group and said same or different chemical group is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl; wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a bond and a bridging group; y is selected from the group consisting of zero and a positive integer; and z is a positive integer wherein the value of said z determines the molecular weight of said polymer. 